![]() Overall, an exuberant innate immunoinflammatory response is a hallmark of severe COVID-19 with the cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, multiorgan failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. We also present diagnostic and research tools available to study the anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular and humoral immune responses. This includes specific aspects of vaccination in selected patient populations with altered immune activity (the elderly, children, pregnant women, solid organ transplant recipients, patients with systemic rheumatic diseases or malignancies). We discuss the mechanisms of immune response to various types of vaccines (nucleoside-modified, adenovirus-vectored, inactivated virus vaccines and recombinant protein adjuvanted formulations). In this paper, we present the current state of knowledge on immunity after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. T cell-mediated immunity is the main factor of the antiviral immune response moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates a rapid B-cell response. ![]() The innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for determining the fate of COVID-19 symptomatology. The emergence of many new SARS-CoV-2 variants across the world deteriorates the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or vaccination. ![]() The development of systemic inflammation leads to a hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine release syndrome during severe COVID-19. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is associated with a robust immune response.
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